Adam Khoo Piranha Profits review and notes (Stock valuation)

Here's my concise notes from Stock valuation to value the shares of a business from Adam Khoo's Piranha Profits Online Investment Course.

Part 1 | Part 2 | Part 3

How do you value a stock

PEG ratio: PE Ratio vs earnings growth rate (DCF)
Discounted cash flow from operations (most accurate method) - You have to project future cash flow
Discounted net income (DNI)
Price to book value
Price to sales growth ratio (for companies with negative or inconsistent CF, not profitable yet)

Valuation by PEG Ratio

When to use

As a quick check to stock's value
Only used when earnings is increasing consistently
Least accurate, but give us an idea if the stock price is expensive or cheap

PE ratio (TTM) = price per share/earnings per share (TTM)

Compare PE ratio to earnings growth rate
In theory, PE ratio of a company should be equal to its earnings growth rate. If earnings is growing at 15% a year, then the PE ration should be 15 at fair value

PEG ratio = PE ratio/earnings growth rate

When the earnings growth rate is higher than PE ratio, it means that the stock is undervalued

A stock is overvalued when PE ratio> earnings growth rate (PEG ratio>1)
A stock is undervalued when PE ratio< earnings growth rate (PEG ratio<1)

Can consider a stock if PEG ratio is less than 1.5

Useful websites: Finviz and Simplywallst

Valuation by Discounted cash flow

When to use

To calculate stock's intrinsic value
When cash flow from operations is increasing consistently
The intrinsic value of a stock is equal to the present value of its future cash flow from operations plus current net assets

What you need:

Current operating cash flow, total debt, cash and short term investments, cash flow growth rate (year 1- 20), no. of shares outstanding, current share price and discout rate

Output: PV of 20 year cash flow, intrinsic value per share before and after cash/debt, projected operating cash flow and discounted value

Valuation by Discounted net income

It is for projecting net income instead of cash flow

When to use

Finance companies (insurance, brokers, asset management, credit cards). For banks, we use price to book ratio.
Used when cash flow from operations is not increasing consistently (example Starbucks)
Used when earnings are increasing consistently

What you need

Net income, total debt, cash and short term investments, cash flow growth rate (year 1- 20), no. of shares outstanding, current share price and discount rate

Output: PV of 20 year cash flow, intrinsic value per share before and after cash/debt, projected operating cash flow and discounted value

Valuation by Price to Book ratio

When to use

when company has negative earnings (making losses, negative net income and cash flow)
banks (Use PB ratio to value banks. Fair value for banks is PB ratio of 1-1.2)
property developers and REITs

Price to book ratio

compares the share price to book value per share
underestimates value of a growing company
stock price/book value per share

Book value

liquidation value of a company
total assets = intangible assets - total liabilities
book value per share = book value/no. of shares

In theory, if the company close down you will get $x which is equivalent to the book value per share back. If PB ratio is 0.5 it means that you will get $1 worth of shares at liquidation. You want the ratio to be 0.5 or less, so you can get back more than you paid for.

Banks

Price to book ratio of DBS bank has been 1.11x for the past 10 years (average), so 1.11x is the fair price of DBS bank.

Useful websites: Yahoo Finance - statistics to see p/b

Useful websites: Finviz or Yahoo Finance for US banks

Average PB for Bank of America: 1x
P/B (30th Sep 2021): 1.46x

Average PB for JPM: 1.4x
P/B (30th Sep 2021): 1.99x

Property developers/ REITs

Use PB ratio to determine the intrinsic value

Singapore REITS historical price/book ratio
Average P/B: 1.1
Look for dividend yield of at lest 5%

US REITS historical price/book ratio
Average P/B: 2.2

In US, book value of US REITs is smaller than Singapore's due to GAAP accounting rules. Assets are not valued at current market prices

Valuation by Price to Sales Growth ratio

This method is for new growth companies with strong revenue growth, but does not have a consistent track record of Cash Flow from Operations or Net Income.

Price to Sales (P/S) ratio = share price/ revenue per share
Price to Sales growth (PSG) ratio = P/S ratio/ revenue growth rate

A PSG ratio of 0.2 is a fair value. Above 0.2 is overvalued

Useful website: Reuters (key metrics)

There are 3 revenue metrics. To be conservative, take the lowest figure.

As a rule of thumb, the maximum revenue growth % should be cap at 100%